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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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071089
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07108900.056
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1990-09-17
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NATION, Page 19The States Like the Odds
Numbers games, sports betting and other forms of illegal
gambling have been mushrooming, as Pete Rose's troubles testify.
But the really explosive growth in the past 25 years has been in
gambling that is completely legal: state-sponsored lotteries,
offtrack betting parlors and the like. In fact, many believe that
the growth of legal betting has spurred illegal wagering by
spreading the idea that "it's O.K. to gamble." So, the more
governments sponsor various forms of wagering, the more insistent
grows a moral question: Should the states promote, encourage and
even hype the nation's betting frenzy?
Proponents argue that people have always gambled and always
will -- so governments might as well cut themselves in on the
action. Lotteries painlessly raise billions for worthy causes
(education in most states, senior citizens' programs in
Pennsylvania). Lottery operators love to quote an 1826 remark by
Thomas Jefferson that lotteries are a kind of tax "laid on the
willing only." Chon Gutierrez, director of the California lottery,
goes so far as to assert, "The lottery is not gambling. It's
entertainment." And cheap entertainment at that, says Edward
Stanek, commissioner of the Iowa lottery, because ticket buyers
"can spend $1 and then spend the rest of the week dreaming what
they would do if they actually won."
Opponents retort that the states are selling not dreams but
delusions. As early as 1776 the economist Adam Smith complained in
The Wealth of Nations that "in the state lotteries, the tickets
are really not worth the price." Today, in one popular form of
lottery, a bettor picks six out of 54 numbers; the odds of getting
the right six are 1 in 12.9 million.
Many critics are especially upset by hard-sell lottery
advertising. An Illinois ad pictured a man scoffing at people
investing in savings bonds, and insisting that winning the lottery
is the only way an ordinary person can become a millionaire.
Valerie Lorenz at the National Center for Pathological Gambling in
Baltimore laments, "We used to say, `Work hard, study hard, and
you'll get ahead.' Now we say, `Just gamble . . . Go for the big
win.'"
Lotteries offer an easy source of revenue for politicians who
lack the courage to raise taxes. The problem is that the poor play
quite as much as those who are better off and can more easily
afford it. Mark Michalko, former director of the California
lottery, disputes the idea that lotteries are in effect a
regressive tax on the poor. "The vast majority of players are
middle-income and higher," he says. Yet he concedes that "there is
some small percentage of people in the lower-income brackets who
play (to excess), and by definition it is going to be a higher
percentage of their income. But so are food, clothing and a car."
State-sponsored gambling is nowhere near the bonanza for states
it has been sold as. Illinois and Ohio, among other states, have
reduced tax-paid financing of schools as the lottery cash came in.
"So," says James Smith, superintendent of the Wolf Branch School
in Belleville, Ill., "the real benefit is zero." Less than zero,
actually. Smith complains that he cannot get a bond issue
authorized because local officials think that schools are rolling
in lottery money. Says Thomas Cummings, head of the Massachusetts
Council on Compulsive Gambling: "Before this thing is through,
there will be a legal bookie on every block and corner of this
country."